National Academy of Sciences, and chairman of the Board of Directors of Research of the Rockefeller Institute (later University) in New York City, and plenipotentiary enabler of American Surgeon General William Crawford Gorgas in World War I 3. Welch was later to become the eminence grise of American Medical Science, President of the U.S. (“Poppy”) Welch's Department of Pathology at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore at the time of Wright's publication on the citation of blood. Professor “Robby” Robertson, DSO, Sir Geoffrey Keynes and Sir Thomas Houston established blood banking.Īlmroth Wright visited William H. Benjamin Harrison Alton of Harvard at a Casualty Clearing Station near Albert at the time of the Battle of Passchendaele. Geoffrey Keynes was taught the techniques of blood transfusion by Dr. Lee of Harvard, surgeon George W Crile of Cleveland, Peyton Rous of the Rockefeller Institute and Richard Lewisohn of Mount Sinai Hospital, both located in the Upper East Side of New York City, played key roles.īy Armistice in 1918, indirect citrated nutrient-enhanced blood transfusion was widely used by the Allies.

The key enablers were two Harvard-trained surgeons surnamed Robertson-Oswald H. The key investigators and clinicians were Americans and Canadians who with Fullerton and Wright instructed the Allies. Harvard Medical School had a large part in providing Colonel Andrew Fullerton, later Professor of Surgery, Queen's Belfast, with the intellectual and practical help for the Allies to deploy blood on the post-Somme Western Front and in Salonika. Twenty-one years later it was introduced into wartime and clinical practice. In 1894 Ulsterman and pathologist Almroth Wright described the citation of blood.

The blood of war